Páginas

Sunday 17 March 2024

2024 The History of Saint Michael Archangel Church



HISTORY OF THE SAINT MICHAEL ARCHANGEL CHURCH


EDUARDO C. GERDING

 

For the Central Episcopal Vicariate of the Archdiocese of Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, August 19th, 2004.

Published in Spanish by Buenos Aires Antiguo

http://www.buenosairesantiguo.com.ar/notasdebuenosaires/sanmiguelarcangel1.html


Foreword




According to the Works and Cadastre Inspection Office of the Government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, the Saint Michael Archangel Church, located in the San Nicolás neighborhood is simply a building located in District 14, Section 1, Block 1 and Plot 9 , but for all of us who have lived in this School District 1 ,called the City financial center , she is something more: she constitutes our heart and our soul. 21

 

Its old and elegant structure that dates back to 1830 was a silent witness to the baptisms and weddings of our ancestors. In the most difficult moments of our country, our parents knew how to raise their prayers under the nurturing silence of their walls. Its books, cruelly burned in 1955, contained valuable data, including records of deaths that occurred in times prior to the creation of the Civil Registry.

 

Its old and elegant structure that dates back to 1830 was a silent witness to the baptisms and weddings of our ancestors. In the most difficult moments of our country, our parents knew how to raise their prayers under the nurturing silence of their walls. Its books, cruelly burned in 1955, contained valuable data, including records of deaths that occurred in times prior to the creation of the Civil Registry.

In June 1885, my maternal grandfather, whose parents came from Bordeaux (France), was baptized in Saint Michael the Archangel. In 1950 I was baptized in the same temple by Father Elio S. Tripodi. and in 1976 my eldest son was baptized as well by Monsignor Klees.

 

As children, many of us enjoyed playing in the yard in front of the parish office, unaware that the vine that gazed at us had been planted by pioneering hands in no less than 1738.

 Our mothers In the meantime, used to share a pleasant conversation with Monsignor Miguel de Andrea while they enjoyed the traditional tea and cookies. Later, as teenagers, we were able to face the turbulence of age thanks to the solid and timely advice of Monsignor Klees and Father Julio Argentino Argüello.4

 

In the midst of that very particular microcenter demographic profile, I witnessed the inexorable decline of our parish community, seeing its components grow older and its youngest members getting married and moving to other neighborhoods. However, feelings for our parish never waned despite  time and distances.

San Miguel Arcángel was declared a Historical Monument by the President of the Nation by Decree No. 2088 of August 21, 1983. Despite this, our beloved church which witnessed so many transcendental historical events for our country like the British Invasions and our birth as an independent Nation has been threatened by circumstances that seem to arise more from indifference than from the abrasive action of the times.13

 It is worth quoting here what a famous Buenos Aires morning newspaper said regarding the abandonment of historical buildings, "indifference, contempt and abandonment of the achievements of previous generations are usually signs of cultural blindness and political unconsciousness with grim and irreparable consequences¨ 15

My spirit in conducting this historical research was to enlighten future generations in the hope of avoiding similar events in other churches. This is what I communicated to Father Ernesto Salvia of the Episcopal Vicariate Center, who did not hesitate to give me his support and encouraged me at all times.

 

Personally, I retain the hope of being able to see the restoration of the temple carried out by competent professionals and that, at the end of my days, I can receive the Archangel Saint Michael and his heavenly militia knowing that I somehow contributed to healing his wings. 5

 

Saint Michael Archangel 22 


 

Saint Michael Archangel

 

(Existing painting in the Church of San Miguel Arcángel

-Courtesy of Mr. Marcelo Paletta)

 


Now war arose in heaven, Michael and his angels fighting against the dragon. And the dragon and his angels fought back, but he was defeated, and there was no longer any place for them in heaven. And the great dragon was thrown down, that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world—he was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him. (Apocalypsis 12:7-9)

 

Saint Michael, whose name means Who Like God, is one of the seven archangels and one of the three mentioned in the Bible. The others are Gabriel and Raphael. The Holy Church places him at the highest level of the archangels and names him Prince of the Celestial Spirits and Chief of the celestial militia.

This archangel presides over the worship of God, with the prayers represented by the incense that rises above the altar.

Saint Michael defends and protects our souls at the moment of our death. His job is to receive the chosen ones at the moment when the soul separates from the body. He is also the guardian of Paradise.

 Archangel Saint Michael is represented as a warrior angel, the

 conqueror of Lucifer who crushes the devil's head with his heel while

 threatening him with his sword. Saint Michael is the guardian of

 Christian armies who fight against the enemies of the Church and at

 the hour of our death protect us against evil powers.

In the Old Testament, Saint Michael is mentioned in Daniel 10: 13 and 12: 1 and in Exodus 23: 20. The Jews invoke Saint Michael as the main defender of their synagogues and protector against their enemies.

At the Feast of Atonement they conclude their prayers by saying:  "Michael, prince of mercy pray for Israel¨

 

On October 13, 1884, Pope Leo XIII had a horrible vision of demons, he heard their voices blaspheming and mocking. He also perceived the horrifying voice of Satan saying that he could destroy the Church if given enough time and power. Satan asked God to give him 100 years to show him the influence he would have on the world like never before.

Leo XIII could see that the devil could not carry out his purposes in the agreed time and suffered a humiliating defeat.

 

Leo XIII could see the image of Saint Michael expelling Satan

 and his legions into the abyss of hell. 

After half an hour, the Pope called his Secretary for the Congregation

 of Rites and ordered him that all the bishops of the world were to 

read a special prayer after celebrating each mass.

Saint Francis de Sales said that the veneration of Saint Michael is the greatest cure against rebellion and disobedience to the Commandments of God and against atheism, skepticism and infidelity.

 

The Archangel Saint Michael appeared in Garabandal (Spain), in San Miguel del Milagro in Tlaxcala (Mexico), in Naju (Korea) and twice in France (to Saint Joan of Arc and on the Mount of Saint Michel) and in Italy (to Santa Maria the Major in Rome and in Gargano). He also appeared in Fátima (Portugal) and to Antonia de Astónac, to whom he told that he wished to be honored through the prayer of nine greetings composed of an Our Father and three Hail Marys corresponding to the nine choirs of angels. The feast of Saint Michael the Archangel is celebrated on September 29.

 

The tabardillo outbreak of 1727


In 1727, Buenos Aires, which then had 60 blocks and 10,000

inhabitants, suffered an outbreak of tabardillo (epidemic exanthematous  typhus) 26


This disease, caused by a rickettsia (discovered in 1916), is transmitted through dress lice and is usually seen when they are very poor hygienic and social circumstances (wars, asylums, etc.). The main contaminant is the feces of infected lice.

 We know perfectly well what symptoms the citizens of Buenos Aires must have experienced. Lice can transmit the disease only 5 days after sucking blood from a patient with exanthematous typhus and in the so-called rickettsemia phase, which is during the first 5 days of illness. 45

After an incubation period of about a week, the victims likely experienced a sudden headache, fever, a tabard-like rash, and an altered mental state. Most of deaths caused by typhus usually occur in patients over 60 years of age between the ninth and eighteenth day, showing a rate of  mortality of 10 to 60 percent. 25

 

In our city the scenes were terrifying. A huge number of corpses were piling up in the streets while other bodies were dragged tied to the tails of mules.

Burials in Buenos Aires were a real nightmare, they were expensive

and subject to an ecclesiastical fee. Buenos Aires, which had already

suffered various epidemics, used open tombs in an area known as the

Hueco de las Animas (Souls´Hollow) located on the corner of the

current Rivadavia and Defensa streets in front of the Plaza Mayor

 (current Plaza de Mayo). 

Sometimes, corpses were placed under the Council´s alcove in case

somebody could claim them. 8


Epidemic typhus lesions

(US Typhus Commission) 8

 

We must keep in mind that at that time citizens mainly assisted themselves at home. In 1611 there was only one Hospital called Hospital de San Martín (for Saint Martin of Tours) or King's Hospital used mainly as a Military Garrison and Prison which functioned during the 18th century as an asylum. The Hospital del Rey (King´s Hospital), located on the southeast corner of current Defensa and México streets, had a chapel and an attached cemetery and occupied most of the block delimited by México, Defense and Chile streets. Beyond these limits was a stream called Tercero del Sur (Southern Third) which drained rainwater towards Balcarce street and the Río de la Plata. 34

 

We know that by 1734 three British surgeons, who were very controversial due to their tariffs, and belonged to the Asiento de Negros Company (Black Settlement Company)were working in Buenos Aires: Robert Young, Robert de la Fontaine and Robert Barley. 1.2

The Hospital had been entrusted by the King to the care of the religious of the San Juan de Dios order but they later abandoned it.

The Royal Ensign requested several times to the Cabildo that the 

Bethlehemites  Fathers (also called "barbones" because of their beards
take charge of the Saint Martin Hospital but the Spanish crown was
reluctant fearing the political power the religious orders could acquire.
Finally in 1748, Governor Andonaegui handed over the Hospital
to the aforementioned order.
 

Medical care improved substantially when the San Martín Hospital moved to the large vacant building of the Jesuit Residence, located next to the Church of Our Lady of Belén in the Alto de San Pedro neighborhood (currently the church of San Pedro González Telmo) located on Humberto 1st between Balcarce and Defensa streets. The move took place in 1795 (in the Church of San Telmo the marble table used for surgical operations in the old hospital is preserved, and a beautiful grandfather clock donated by Lieutenant Colonel Denis Pack in gratitude for the care provided by the Bethlehemite Fathers to wounded British soldiers during the English Invasions of 1806-1807). 34

 


Thirty-eight years after the tabardillo outbreak, Buenos Aires had approximately 20,000 inhabitants. Our first pharmacist was Don Agustín Pica who presented his credentials on May 5, 1770. Eight years later, Buenos Aires had 9 doctors, 2 surgeons, 6 bleeders, 5 apothecaries and 48 barbers.

On August 1, 1776, King Carlos III of Spain created the Viceroyalty of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, its first Viceroy being General Don Pedro de Cevallos, former governor of Buenos Aires.9

In 1778, there was an outbreak of smallpox in the country that caused high mortality and lasted until January 1779. On January 21 of that year, Dr Miguel O'Gorman of Ennis, County Clare (Ireland) took charge of the Protomedicato (Board of Royal Physicians)

 

 The latter was established in two rooms in the Jesuits College (today on its site the building of the National College of Buenos Aires stands; on the corner of the current Bolívar and Moreno streets) “which were repaired with two hundred pesos allocated for that purpose.”

Three years later, Buenos Aires had 9 pharmacies. In 1806 the Bethlehemite fathers installed the General Men's Hospital in the Residence and two years later the first medical school was created.

 

The Brotherhood of the Holy Charity of Our Lord Jesus Christ

 

Don Juan Guillermo González Aragón (1687-1768) was born in Andalusia (Spain) and worked in Santiago del Estero, probably trading wood. When he was 28 years old he married Mrs. Lucía Islas y Alva.

His daughter Gregoria was the grandmother of the lawyer Juan José Castelli, a patriot of the May Revolution. One of his great-great-grandsons was General Manuel Belgrano.

Lucía died in 1726 and Juan Guillermo entered the priesthood.

It was precisely the strong images of the tabardillo epidemic that led González Aragón to request authorization on February 22, 1727 to create the Brotherhood of the Holy Charity of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Said request was made before the Bishop of Buenos Aires, Fray Pedro de Fajardo of the Trinitarian order and before the Governor Don Bruno Mauricio de Zabala *. This brotherhood would have to resemble those already created in Cádiz and Seville. The definitive foundation of this organization took place on March 3, 1727 and its immediate objective was to take care of the burials of the so-called solemn poor and those executed. Later they would also take care of the sick and orphans.

 

Bishop Pedro de Fajardo, (1713-1729), gave the Brotherhood an image of Saint Michael who soon became the patron of the congregation.

The Brotherhood of the Holy Charity of Our Lord Jesus Christ began its tasks in the Parroquia de Naturales San Juan Bautista located on San Juan Bautista and Merlo streets (currently Alsina and Piedras). The second settlement was on the limits of the city, on Tacuarí Street passing the large ditch in the southern area.

Here they built the Hospital of San Miguel and a chapel where the image of Our Lady of Remedies was enthroned. Hence Tacuarí was known as Hospital de San Miguel Street.10

 

On November 13, 1773, the Elder Brother Don Tomás Alonso Fernández announced the possibility of acquiring land nine blocks further north, reaching the current Bartolomé Mitre Street. Said land was acquired for $219 to Don José Javier de Espinosa. The hospital and chapel were sold to Captain Matías Flores who restored the latter for Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, building the first altar to honor the memory.of the pious Pedro González Telmo.

In 1734, Don Juan Guillermo González Aragón from Cádiz became the chaplain of the Brotherhood and ten years later his son, Father José González Islas, entered the priesthood.

 


Image of Our Lady of Remedies, by chaplain Don Juan Guillermo González Aragón and his son Father José González Islas. (Courtesy of Mr. Marcelo Paletta)

 

In 1741, the eighth bishop of Buenos Aires, the Dominican friar José de

 Peralta Barrionuevo y Rocha Benavidez, ordered the Brotherhood to

 suspend the provision of free burials. Two years later, the

 Brotherhood met and through a secret vote it was decided that the

 Hospital would assist patients with all types of diseases. In 1754, the

 Brotherhood´s statutes of the Order were legally recognized and their

 prerogatives were returned. That same year Francisco Alvarez

 Campana was designated as the Order´s Senior Brother.11


In 1755, Bishop Cayetano Marcellano y Agramont and Governor Andonaegui approved the establishment of a School for Orphans. A conflict then occurred between the Bishop and Alvarez Campana regarding whether or not this institution should be secular.

This orphanage, called Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, was directed by Mrs. Teresa Bazan. The institution offered assistance to orphans, separated women , young women who wanted to marry against their parents' wishes, adulteresses and judicial wards. Instruction was also provided in arts and other feminine tasks. This site later functioned as a school for young ladies and their servants. The girls wore a yellow hat and used to be one of the most popular institutions in the 18th century.

Until 1766 the school had two administrators: Fray Francisco Alvarez Campana as Senior Brother and Fray José González Islas as chaplain.

 

In 1757, Fray Alvarez Campana presented a project to the Cabildo that would allow the Brotherhood to sell food products in the cave. A third of the sales would go to the Cabildo and the rest would be used to improve the girls' orphanage, to build a hospital for the incurably sick and also for a House for Foundlings.

In 1766, the King of Spain ordered the arrest of Fray Alvarez Campana on charges of illicit enrichment. Apparently orphanage funds were used to purchase property in his name. Later in 1771, Viceroy Vértiz (the great “Viceroy of the Luminarias”) released Fray Alvarez Campana.

Don Juan Guillermo González Aragón died in 1768 at 81 years of age. That year, Governor Francisco de Paula Bucarelli, obeying a decree from Carlos III, expelled the Jesuits from our lands. At the time of his death, González Aragón was the chaplain of the Convent of Santa Catalina whose nuns had been brought from Córdoba in 1745. 40

 

Father José González Islas, who was 22 years old when he replaced his father as chaplain, invested all his money to complete the assigned mission.

He traveled to Spain to get help for his project. The story goes that González Islas gained the sympathy of the Marquis of Sonora by offering him a parrot as a gift.

In 1778, the census of the Buenos Aires population was carried out by the dean councilor Gregorio Ramos Mejía, which produced a total of 24,205 inhabitants, three times more than in 1720. Likewise, the baptisms that in 1720 were 457 went from 1778 to 1474. The average birth rate, in turn, rose in those years from 45 to 55 per 1,000 inhabitants.34,12

Father González Islas later obtained a Royal Decree for the

 construction of the chapel of San Miguel (completed on 

November 21, 1788, the day of Our Lady of Remedies) 

and others to through which  the Brotherhood of the Holy Charity

 of Our Lord Jesus Christ owned  two ranches, one near Carmelo

 and another in Remedios (Matanzas) apart from an annual income 

of $2000 for eight years.

 González Islas also built a room next to the then San Miguel chapel that functioned as a Women's Hospital. Later,in that same place yearsthe Public Assistance of Buenos Aires would be installed on EsmeraldaStreet (currently Roberto Arlt Square) ***.It had three large halls called Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, Santo Tomás and San José.

In 1791, the Brotherhood of the Holy Charity of Our Lord Jesus Christ moved to the Monserrat Church, retaining the administration of the hospital, the orphanage for girls and the House of Foundlings. In those times the processions in which the image of Our Lady of Remedies was carried became very famous.

 

Father José González Islas died in 1801 and was buried in the church, near the remains of his father. There is a vine planted by Father González Islas near the parish office of the Saint Michael Archangel Church , covering the tombstone of both priests with its shadow. A plaque placed by the Argentine Forestry Society attests to this. 12




Bernardino Rivadavia (1780-1845)
-First President of Argentina then called United 
Provinces of the Río de la Plata

In 1822, Bernardino Rivadavia closed the Brotherhood and confiscated its assets, creating the Benevolent Society. The Foundling House or Casa Cuna was later called the Pedro de Elizalde Children's Hospital.

Note:

* Don Bruno Mauricio de Zabala (1682-1736) (nicknamed Silver Hands) was born in Durango, province of Vizcaya and had enlisted in the army when he was 19 years old. Upon losing his arm in the siege of Lérida, the King Philip V rewarded him by naming him Governor and Captain General of the Río de la Plata in 1716. He played a very important role in the founding of Montevideo, displacing the Portuguese commanded by Manuel de Freitas Fonseca in 1724, establishing there two years later the settlement of twenty families from the Canary Islands.

**The Marquis (don José de Gálvez de Macharavialla, Málaga) was a well-known authority who knew how to play a very relevant role in addressing the issue of the northwest Mexican territories, the American territory of the Southwest and Louisiana. 24.27

***In March 2000, 13 human remains were found buried in Roberto Arlt Square near the Saint Michael Archangel Church . They were subjected to genetic studies (mtDNA or mitochondrial DNA) and anthropometric determinations aimed at knowing the age of death, sex, height, nutritional status and illnesses typical of that time. 18.32

 

Our Lady of Remedies

 

The image of Our Lady of Remedies was brought from Cádiz in 1738 by Don Juan de González y Aragón. It is called a candlestick image since it does not have a body but clothing. 26




This image was kept in the church since the Brotherhood was closed. In 1927, it was reinstalled by Monsignor Miguel de Andrea when the 200 years of the church were celebrated.

 

In the sacristy of the church of Nuestra Señora de Belén in the San Telmo neighborhood there is an image of Nuestra Señora de los Remedios that belonged to the Bethlehemites Fathers' pharmacy. It was acquired in 1804 by Don Antonio Ortiz de Zarate who reinstalled her in his house located on Maipú street between Bartolomé Mitre and Rivadavia streets.

 

Later his daughter Trinidad Ortiz de Zárate donated it in 1885 to

 Father Luis Duprat of the San Telmo parish.15

 

The Saint Michael Archangel Church and the Second British Invasion to the city of Buenos Aires (1807) 

 


Renactment-Photograph taken by the author


The invasions occured in two phases. 

A detechamenr from the British Army occupied Buenos Aires 

for 46 dias before being expelled.

In 1807, a second force stomed and occupied Montevideo 

(Uruguay), remaining for several months, and a third force

 made a second and unsuccesful attempt to take Buenos Aires- 



Renactment-Photograph taken by the author



Second British Invasion to Buenos Aires- July 5, 1807

Victory Square at the time of British disarmament.

[Alfonso Granja, Buenos Aires 1895]

(Courtesy of the Nation´s Naval Museum ,Tigre)

 

During the Second British Invasion to Buenos Aires, General Lumley's Brigade had a left wing whose 5th column was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Duff. The latter advanced along Piedad Street (currently Bartolomé Mitre) 39.

 

During the trial of General Whitelocke, Duff reported: “…the enemy began a terrible rifle fire from the opposite houses. Having lost about thirty men at this entrance and, realizing that it was impossible to force the door of the church [Saint Michael the Archangel] with the tools that had been given to us, I judged it prudent to desist and penetrate more in the city waiting for a more advantageous position.”

“When we left the entrance to the church [San Miguel Arcángel] we were punished with continuous fire. Then I entered the city until I judged that I was near the citadel. Seeing that he had lost so many people on the street; that the four grenadier officers were wounded, that the Major, the Adjutant and the Assistant Surgeon had been killed and that there had been lost among dead and wounded from eighty to a hundred men of my weak column, I turned to the left and occupied three houses. Possibly he turned onto the current Maipú street where there were unguarded houses ¨. 33.43



King George IV of Great Britain

 (1762-1830)

 

In 1784 he fell in love with María Fitzherbert and had to marry in secret, since the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibited marriage with Catholics. He became a gambler, a drinker and a womanizer. In 1795, he incurred a debt of £650,000 and, in an attempt to persuade Parliament to repay this debt, he married his cousin Caroline of Brunswick in 1796. When George III died (who was suffering from bouts of madness), Caroline returned to England to claim her position as queen but George IV did not even let her enter his coronation at Westminster Abbey. The Marshall brothers depicted a panorama of his coronation.

 

George IV was harshly criticized by Saint Thomas More for his policy towards Catholics. By 1820 he was obese, alcoholic and addicted to laudanum. Carolina died suddenly the following year. He suffered, like his father, outbreaks of madness where he insisted that he had been a soldier and participated in the Battle of Waterloo. He secluded himself in his Windsor Castle and died in 1830.

 

Some historians report that there was a fight right in front of the atrium of San Miguel Arcángel. Apparently a young British officer named Michael Hines was injured and assisted by a family neighboring the temple. According to the story, this officer was the secret son of King George IV. Sofia Hynes, one of  Michael Hines´daughters married  poet Carlos Guido y Spano (1827-1918). 26

 

Sofia Hines died approximately 1870 during the Yellow Fever outbreak.17

 


Parish priests of San Miguel Arcángel Church 4

 

Appointment date and  Name

March 21, 1830    Bernardo José de Ocampo (Great uncle of a relevant figure of the  Buenos Aires journalist Manuel Lainez) 23

April 25, 1839  Mariano Somellera

April 23, 1842 abriel Fuentes

December 30, 1865 Feliciano Castrelos

August 25, 1870 Manuel Velarde

May 29, 1893   Juan Deye

July 8, 1906    José A. Orzali

April 24, 1912  Miguel de Andrea

July 1960      Michelangelo de Andrea

April 1, 1968   Carlos Modesto Klees

March 2, 1996  Rubén P. Zamboni

(He celebrated the last Mass) 29


HERE IT LIES

The Owner Priest Mr. Bernardo J. de Ocampo

Native of this city

He served the Church diligently for 42 years.

17 of Military Chaplain in the

Guardia del Monte and this City

And 25 in the Curatos of St Nicholas and St Michael

He died on April 11, 1839

Beloved by all his parishioners

And mourned by his Family and Friends 18



Monsignor Carlos Modesto Klees

(Photo courtesy of Mr. Marcelo Paletta) 

He was born on January 12, 1924 in Tafí Viejo (Tucumán). 

He was ordained a priest on September 20, 1947 and appointed

 parish priest of San Miguel Arcángel from 1968 to 1995. 

He was one of the most beloved parish priests. 

On September 12, 1983, Klees requested that the San Miguel

 Arcángel church be declared a National Historical Monument 12. 

He died on September 5, 1995.19         

 

Architectural details of temple 37 

 


St. Michael the Archangel Church c.1950

 (Courtesy of Mrs. Susana Ferrari)


Modifications

 

The original architecture of the parish headquarters was very simple until important reforms were carried out in accordance with the neoclassical trend. All these changes were very slow since the tower was only completed in 1853.

 

The facade

 

The façade was very sober, divided into two bodies by a 

schematic entablature and with pilasters without a base 

or capital.

 The access door opened in the axis, with a semicircular 

opening and, on the upper floor, above it, there was a niche 

with an image. 

Finally, there was another more important entablature 

and a simple parapet with the figure of the Holy Archangel. 

After the reforms made between 1912 and 1918, the façade 

acquired eclectic neo-Renaissance characteristics. 20 

 


Pairs of Corinthian free-standing columns  frame the access door, on its sides two mosaics with a gold-colored background with a sky blue superimposed cross, a mosaic technique that was used to decorate the frieze of the entablature of this body, with a phrase alluding to Saint Michael and in which the same colors were used. At its ends, corner columns and similar pilasters, one per side, end it.

 

     


In the second body, in the center, a split segmental pediment supported by corbels, among them also in mosaic, the name of the temple's dedication.


In the middle of the frontis the base of the image of Saint Michael that emerges in front of an oculus.

 


On its sides a parapet links pedestals that rest on the described columns of the first body that serve as support for the sculptures of the Doctors of the Church. The architecture of this body is made up of three quarters of columns and pilasters of the same order with their respective entablature of mixtiline.


The façade ends in the axis, a composition formed by an oculus in the center with the figure of God the Father, probably painted on metal sheet , on its sides decoration of scrolls and two pairs of corbels supporting another pediment whose full part reiterates the mosaic decoration, crowning the whole of the bulk effigy of the Savior. On the sides, walls with pillars on the columns of the lower body.22

 

The Tower



The tower dates back to 1830 when it was decided to rebuild the church of San Miguel Arcángel in its entirety. From this tower, called “La Chismosa”(the tattletale)  they watched in 1853 to spot the Entre Ríos guerrillas 28.

 

This single tower, located on the left, was divided into three sections by very simple moldings. Its angles were rounded and in the second and third bodies it There would be windows in each of the walls. It was completed by a cornice of outstanding proportions and a bell-shaped spire with a dome.

 

The tower was decorated with sets of corner pilasters, an eclectic order, an entablature that reiterates the mixtilinear layout, a clock face and a single opening on the side of the semicircular opening. It preserves the old hexagonal bell-shaped dome decorated with tiles, and the wrought iron dome and cross. Years later, the majolicas of the tower's capulín were demolished and cover it with a coating. 30.23

 


The side doors

 

The door adheres to the traditional shape of a carved

 arch frame. It is made up of two leaves divided approximately two

 thirds of their height, with quarters, with a gate. 

This is decorated by six superimposed boards: those corresponding

 to the plinth have a rectangular perimeter and are placed vertically,

 the central ones, with straight flanks, are elongated and have

 mixtilinear ends, the upper ones show three sides in a square

 and the remaining one, parallel to the segmental arch of the 

opening.

 

The lateral leaves of the shutter are made up of five panels each, in the shape of vertical parallelograms and their smaller endings are countercurved. The countertop consists of eight rectangular boards with countercurves on their small sides and distortions to maintain the parallelism with the lintel. It is carved and polished wood and belongs to the second half of the 18th century.24




The interior of the temple

 



( Kindly submitted by Mrs. Susana Ferrari )

 

 

The distribution adheres to the traditional plan composed of a narthex, a single central nave, which opens on each side: the niche for the blessing pot, a niche and three shallow chapels between the buttresses; then the transept and presbytery originally with a straight plan that, when the temple was renovated, was transformed into a false apse.

 

On the walls of the old chapel there are remains of 19th century painting, holes that probably served to wall the posts of the previous altarpiece, as well as pieces of the original entablature, which suggest that they responded to the Tuscan order.

 

The temple is covered by a continuous barrel vault with lunettes for the openings, these with a segmental arch lintel. When reforming it, another false one was suspended from it, so it is possible to assume that it must be reinforced by a perpian arch in each of the sections into which the nave is divided. 25

Ferrari modified the internal space of the church by creating a curved apse, covering the vault and dome with expanded metal caps and plaster.

 

To delimit the sections, he placed transverse arches made of the same material and cut out cornices to achieve the trompe-l'oeil effect. He decorated the free walls above the high plinths and roof.

 

In the whole, the meeting of themes taken from the Canonical Gospels and the Apocrypha is observed. Also surprising is the large number of atlantes and caryatids presented in an original way.

 

In the Union of July 16, 1921 it is recorded “…the large wooden altars have disappeared to make way for four smaller marble ones, placed in such a way that they allow greater relief for the temple. Instead of the old bulb saints the artist (...) has made delicate canvases that represent one the Sacred Heart, another Mary Immaculate, the most noble Santa Filomena the third and the Death of Saint Joseph the last... considered the most beautiful temple in the capital. Indeed, the ancient temple of which prominent figures of the Argentine clergy were rectors (…) evokes in Buenos Aires the characteristic appearance of the Roman chapels of the 15th century. “

 

The stained glass



            ( Kindly submitted by Mrs Susana Ferrari )

 

The stained glass windows are from the late 19th century and are mostly due to

G.P.DAGRANT/GLASS PAINTER-/DE SAN PEDRO DE ROME.BORDEAU (FRANCE)/ SEPTEMBER or OCTOBER/1879 or 1898.

That of the Assumption of the Virgin is by R.BERGES.TOULOUSE/1897.

They are dedicated to the following themes: Saint Philip Neri venerating the crucifix; Saint George killing the dragon and the Child of Prague in the right sector; the Sacred Heart and San Camilo, in the transept. On the left: San Carlos Borromeo, Assumption of the Virgin, Holy Bishop on cross and Saint Joseph. In the transept, the Transfiguration of Christ. 26

The transverse door, long closed, presents the theme of Saint Michael killing the devil and the gate, from 1898, ornaments and invocations to the Archangel: SANCTE/ MICHAELI/ PROTEGENOS and SANTE MICHAELI/ORA PRO NOBIS

 

 

Criticism of the remodeling

 

The newspaper La Razón of Wednesday, August 21, 1918 expressed itself in these terms: "Until recently, the façade of the church (San Miguel Arcángel) was a modest façade embellished by tradition, if not by its architecture, nor its decoration, as there was nothing monumental, nor exotic, nor picturesque in it. Simple and exuding honesty, we would say about her, and also with the physiognomy of a human being who has lived a long time and has not done harm to anyone.

One fine day, covered by planks and scaffolding, the front of San Miguel is suddenly transformed.Columns appear, as if by magic. Some consider they are of the Corinthian style, but we can´t affirm it. There are rose windows probably from Roman civilizations, without us daring to testify. Byzantine architraves, of which we do not attest. The façade is loaded with caryatids, ornaments and unusual things becoming a Lombrosian forehead, which is how someone classifies the asymmetry, protrusions and bulges of that ornamentation. A few shovelfuls of glitter on the plaster of rough Roman earth, add the “it has been consummated” to the irreverence. What was a temple with a frontispiece that was not very elegant, a very old Buenos Aires, resurfaces in a church of a Byzantinism that is not very explainable but clearly presumptuous, with its crosses of Constantine and its legend “Michelis: defende nos in proelio” in blue enamel on a golden background.

 

The advocacy has been of no use. Saint Michael has not been able to protect his devotees from the temptation to expose themselves. It has been sinned twice: a sin of vanity and a sin of bad taste. It is certainly not today that this desire for modernization at all costs is pointed out. Modernization begins in our system building and concludes in our general ideas. A truly regrettable lack of love for the things that belong to us by inheritance, leads us to devastate our past, yesterday it was the vicereine's house, today the façade of the San Miguel church¨ 27

 

Augusto César Ferrari 19 

 


Augusto César Ferrari (1871-1970)

 

Photo taken in 1928-Kindly submitted by Mrs. Susana Ferrari)

 

 

 


Self Portrait

 

One of the most appreciated painters of Panoramas in his time in Italy and in our country, as well as a notable architect and painter of churches. At the age of 86, he knew how to collaborate in the restoration of the San Miguel Arcángel church, which It was burned down in 1955.

 

Augusto César Ferrari was born on August 31, 1871 in San Possidonio, province of Modena (Italy). He studied architecture at the University of Genoa and settled in Turin where he studied painting at the Albertine Academy and Ancient and Modern Styles at the Industrial Museum of that city. He exhibited his first portrait in 1901. A few years later he alternated easel paintings with large Panoramas of up to 1500 square meters. Ferrari collaborated with his teacher Giacomo Grosso in 1906 on the Panorama of the Battle of Turin and, in 1909, on the Panorama of the Battle of Maipú (124 m long and 15 m high) that participated in the 1910 centenary in Buenos Aires. He is the author of the Messina Distrutta Panorama that shows the earthquake that devastated that city Sicilian in 1908 and which was inaugurated in the Circular Pavilion of Valentino

Note: The Panoramas were works that began to be exhibited in England at the end of the 18th century. They were arranged in cylindrical buildings thirty to forty meters in diameter, equipped with a central platform from which the public contemplated 360º historical episodes, cities, catastrophes, etc. in their surroundings. Various objects were placed between the platform and the fabric that, together with the live lights and music completed the visual story.28

 

In 1915, Monsignor Gregorio Romero introduced him to the President of the Association of the Divine Face, Angiolina Astengo de Mitre, widow of Emilio Mitre, who was inaugurating a chapel next to the school he had in Centenario Park. Ferrari offered to decorate that chapel, free of charge, with the Bitume graphite technique in black and white. The main motif of that work is Charity through the centuries and in the dome a dramatic interpretation of the impression of the face of Christ on the canvas of the Veronica and next to it the Conversion of Tiberius. That year, Governor Padilla of the Province of Tucumán commissioned him to produce the Panorama of the Battle of Tucumán, from which They keep only partial photographs.

 

He was also commissioned to produce the Panorama of the Battle of Salta, exhibited in Buenos Aires and inaugurated by the then president Victorino de la Plaza. Between 1918 and in 1921 he worked at the request of Monsignor Miguel de Andrea in the remodeling of the San Miguel Church in its front, interior, floors and furniture and its decoration with 120 paintings. He modified the external architecture and painted large paintings in incaustic and oil. Among the latter: The Wedding at Cana, Saint Philomena,The Last Supper, The Cenacle, Saint Cecilia etc. In total there are 120 paintings that he painted partly in the church and partly on canvas in his home workshop at Araoz 2760 in Buenos Aires. Several altars, the floor design and the interior marble covering are also by Ferrari.

 


On the right Augusto César Ferrari and on the left his wife Susana Celia del Pardo (1893-1949), both posing for the painting the Wedding at Cana that can be seen inside the temple of San Miguel Arcángel. His wife also knew how to pose for The Slave who is on the left when entering the church. (Courtesy Mrs. Susana Ferrari)29

 

Mural ornamentation in San Miguel Arcángel Church 19 




 

1. Wedding of Saint Cecilia 18. The prodigal son meditating

2. Roman Sibyl 19. Slave

3. Time 20. Slave

4. Jesus freeing the slaves 21. Apostle Matthew

5. Wedding at Cana 22. Prophet Daniel

6. Jesus in the carpentry 23. Prophet Elijah

7. Cardinal virtues 24. Apostle Matthias

8. Saint Michael saves Rome from the plague 25. The good Samaritan healing a wounded Hebrew (painting missing)

9. Institution and Apotheosis of the Eucharist 26. Disappeared

10. Holy Communion 27. Missing

11.Vices-Youth and old age 28. Possessed pigs

12. Ditto jumping into the sea.

13. Idem 29. Angel writing

14. Idem 30. Zechariah

15. Magdalene at the feet of Christ 31. Jesus washing the feet of a16. Apostle slave

17. Slave 32. Herodias

33. Saint John the Baptist beheaded

34. Adoration of the Three Wise Men (destroyed) 30

 

 

La Prensa of May 31, 1918 in Notas de Arte commented that the most notable paintings are those in the background, which represents Saint Cecilia, surrounded by her ladies, singing psalms; the one in the center, painting of large proportions, which reproduces the wedding of Cana, where the environment appears transformed into a medium of luxury and opulence, with the idea of ​​better expressing the magnificence of the miracle. Those that represent are also very beautiful. Christ, entering the catacombs to free the slaves, and the Divine Master himself dignifying the work of man.

In 1921 Ferrari made numerous portraits including that of General Ruiz, Mrs. de Lainez, etc. Between 1922 and 1926 he was in Europe with his family dedicating himself to the study of the figure and the nude. In 1927 he made a mural in the dining room of the Nueva Pompeya convent. In 1928 he presented an exhibition at the Witcomb gallery with 34 paintings .That year they commissioned a Panorama of  the Bahía Blanca Foundation on the occasion of the centenary of that city. In the 1930s-1940s he painted frescoes and paintings for the churches of Córdoba, especially a series on Saint Francis in the Church of the Sacred Heart of the Capuchin Fathers.

 

Ferrari took hundreds of photographs of his models that he used to paint his paintings. He always worked in two disciplines, painting and architecture, and in two countries: Italy until 1914 and from 1922 to 1926, and in Argentina from 1914 to 1922 and from 1926 until his death.

Commissioned by Cardinal Agostino Richelmy, who gave him one of his armchairs that is still in the family, he painted frescoes in the church of Cambiano, near Turin. He was a well-known portrait painter of the Italian nobility.

 Among his main paintings is Alegresse au Convent, awarded in Paris when he was still a student; At the Edge of the Grave, exhibited in Rome; The Bible purchased by the Circolo degli Artisti of Turin in 1910, Cito Manduca, Uno strappo alla cultura etc. Around 1912 he exhibited his painting in international exhibitions in Paris, Rome, London, Milan, Turin, Vienna and Saint Louis (USA).


Architecture

 

In 1918 Ferrari designed and directed the construction of the altar of the Church of Lavallol and in 1927 he built the cloister of Nueva Pompeya. In 1928, Father Juan de Anzoain, Superior of the Capuchin Fathers of Córdoba, entrusted him with the project and construction of a large cathedral that was inaugurated unfinished in 1933.

In 1929 he presented a project for the Bell Ville Municipal Palace in Córdoba.

 

The following year the Chapel of the Sisters' College of Nuestra Señora del Huerto (Our Lady of the Garden) (in Caseros and Belgrano streets) was inaugurated (Córdoba) with a pulpit designed by Ferrari .31

 

In 1936 the Chapel and School of the Sisters of Mercy was inaugurated in Córdoba. In 1952 the Congregation of the Adoring Sisters of Martínez (Province of Buenos Aires) entrusted him with the project of a school and a chapel.

 

In 1960 he worked in the architectural supervision and direction of the work of the Benedictine Abbey in Buenos Aires. From 1962 it is the Mausoleum in memory of Monsignor Miguel de Andrea, whose fees he donated to the FACE. In 1969 the Church of Río Cuarto (Córdoba), was inaugurated. Between 1929 and 1966 he participated in various church projects in Córdoba that did not come to fruition.

 


 

In 1999 his works participated in two exhibitions: a painting in the exhibition Ius sanguinis: Italian presence in Argentine art and two original plans in the exhibition presented by the Archivos de Arquitectura Contemporánea Argentina at the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Buenos Aires.

 

Monsignor Miguel de los Santos Andrea 41

  


Monseñor Miguel de los Santos Andrea (1877-1960 )

Bishop of Temnos

 


Miguel de los Santos Andrea was born on July 5, 1877 in Guardia de Navarro to Italian parents, Nicolás de Andrea and Josefa Parente, and was baptized in the Parish of San Lorenzo Mártir. He entered the Diocesan Seminary that was on the property on Victoria Street of the late Archbishop Monsignor Mariano Escalada. On May 26, 1893, the tonsure and minor orders were conferred on him.

 

 In 1898 he was appointed subdeacon of the San Francisco Church.

He later attended the Pío Latin American College in Rome where, at the age of 22 and, under Papal dispensation, (because he was not old enough) he was appointed priest. At the Gregorian University he obtained the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor. On December 24, 1899, he watched as Pope Leo XIII (the architect of Rerum Novarum), whom he admired, opened the Holy Door.32

 

On August 10, 1900 he gave his first sermon in Guardia de Navarro

 and two years later he gave the same in the Church of the Convent of

 the Catalinas.

Monsignor de Andrea's main supporter was the Archbishop of Buenos Aires Monsignor Mariano Antonio Espinosa who in 1904 appointed him as Private Secretary.

Father Federico Grote, a German Redemptorist who arrived in Argentina in 1884 fleeing the persecution of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in his country, founded the Workers' Circles and it was precisely Monsignor de Andrea who succeeded him. In 1906, Monsignor de Andrea was appointed Deputy Director of the Workers' Circle. On November 7, 1908, Monsignor de Andrea was member of the National League of Argentine Catholics (similar to the Volksverein).

That same year he founded the Federation of the Congregation of the Daughters of Mary. With great courage he organized a parade that started from the temple of the Church of La Merced to counter the anarchist demonstration of May 8,1910.

 


            Pulpit of Saint Michael Archangel Church

Rococo style consisting of a bulbiform cup divided into five panels.

 Concave ceiling turntable with the dove of the radiating Holy Spirit.


On June 2 of that year, Monsignor de Andrea gave his Patriotic Prayer in the Metropolitan Cathedral. He preached in the pulpit of the Cathedral from 1910 to 1919.33

In 1912 de Andrea was appointed Rector of the Parish of San Miguel Arcángel and Director of the Workers' Circle. A year later he served as Honorary  Canon. In 1918, he was appointed Prosynodal Judge of the Archbishop.

A year later he was appointed Rector of the Catholic University and Advisor to the National Board of the Popular Catholic Union. That same year Benedict XV promoted him to Proto-Apostolic Notary. de Andrea became domestic prelate of Pius X.

In 1920, Monsignor de Andrea was appointed Bishop of Temnos (currently Menemen in Turkey; main place of the Viceroyalty of Smyrna). Upon being consecrated Bishop he chose a shield whose upper banner on the sash was nothing less than the Argentine flag with its golden sun. The first lower quarter in gold presented a pelican feeding its chicks with blood from its breast, the second quarter being gules with the scales of justice.

 

On March 31, 1923, the founding document of the Federation of Catholic Employees' Associations (FACE) was drawn up in the parish hall of San Miguel Arcángel which was originally located in Suipacha 252. The function of FACE (which ended up bringing together 24 unions) was to protect working women by promoting the creation of spiritual ties between its members for mutual esteem and help.

 

Monsignor de Andrea was presented as the preferred candidate for the Archbishopric in a shortlist raised by the President of the Nation, Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear. In our country, certain sectors did not hesitate to slander him and offered resistance to said designation; the Pope doubted his appointment. This created a difficult situation between our country and the Vatican (Patronato System).

Then, Monsignor de Andrea further increased his international prestige by formally resigning from the Archbishopric on November 8, 1923. However, he was appointed Plenipotentiary Minister of the Argentine Government before the Vatican. On November 30, 1932, the Employee's House was inaugurated at Sarmiento 1272.

He continued with his impressive sermons in San Miguel Arcángel such as the one on February 1, 1951 The problem in the second half of the 20th century. These sermons were published by Editorial Diversión as The Gospel and the Present. 17. Monsignor Miguel de Andrea died on June 23, 1960 at the age of 83.

Ordinance No. 2647 of the Municipality of the city of Salta names a small square in his honor. In Buenos Aires, the School of Commerce No. 34 and an institute in Colon are named after him.

 

The wedding of Vaslav Nijinsky at Saint Michael the Archangel Church 36


Vaslav Nijinsky ( 1890-1950 )




(Photograph taken at the reception of the Majestic Hotel in

 Buenos Aires where Nijinsky and his wife spent their 

honeymoon -( Courtesy of Mr. Barry Stone).35


Nijinsky was born in kyiv (Russia) and was baptized in 1891 as a Roman Catholic in Warsaw (Polish Russia). His father Thomas was a ballet matre at the Imperial Theater School in Warsaw. Her mother, Eleonora Bereda, was a dancer and her sister Bronislava would become a well-known choreographer His older brother Stanislav suffered from mental retardation.

 

She made her ballet debut at the age of 5 and at the age of 7 she entered the Imperial Theater School in Warsaw. Two years later he was accepted into the Imperial Theater School in Saint Petersburg. In 1907 he made his debut in the Marylinsky Theater. Nijinsky became a constant companion of Prince Paul Dmietrievitch who in turn introduced him to Serge Pavlovich Diaghilev in 1908.

 

The following year he debuted in Paris with Diaghilev's Russian Ballets. Nijinsky led the role in Le Pavillion d'Armida, Les Sylphides with Anna Pavlova.

He later partnered with Tamara Karsavina with whom in 1911 he danced in Le Specter de la Rose. In Paris, Nijinsky also danced with Isadora Duncan who had a great influence on him both as a dancer and as a choreographer.

 

 

Nijinsky toured South America and on September 10, 1913 he married Romula, Countess of Pulsky-Lubocy Cselfava in the church of St. Michael the Archangel. Romula, 22 years old, of Austro-Hungarian origin, entered the temple with the chords of the wedding march of Lohengrin 35.

 

The marriage, recorded in Folio 446, was performed by Father Gustavo M. Franceschi.

This infuriated Diaghilev who wasted no time in sending Buenos Aires a dismissal telegram. Later, he traveled to Budapest where he had his daughter Kyra. At the beginning of the First World War he was interned for two years in a prison camp in Austria-Hungary but was released in 1916.

 

The marriage, recorded in Folio 446, was performed by Father Gustavo M. Franceschi.

This infuriated Diaghilev who wasted no time in sending Buenos Aires a dismissal telegram. Later, he traveled to Budapest where he had his daughter Kyra. At the beginning of the First World War he was interned for two years in a prison camp in Austria-Hungary but was released in 1916.

 


Considerable diplomatic efforts were required to help Diaghilev secure Nijinsky's release. For this, the Pope, the kings of Spain and Austria and Queen Alexandra interceded.

Nijinsky, his wife and daughter traveled to New York in April 1916, making another tour of South America the following year. He stopped dancing in 1919.

In 1932 and 1933 he was admitted for schizophrenia to an institution in Switzerland.

 

He died in a London clinic on April 8, 1950 and was buried in that city until 1953. His remains were later transferred to the Montmartre Cemetery where he currently rests in peace. 36

 

The beginning of deterioration 5,6,7

 

On April 14, 1981 in the City Section, the newspaper La Nación commented the following: “from the vaults of the ceiling, once carefully ornamented, to the floor, the temple provides its faithful with the image of an undeserved decrepitude. Paints overwhelmed by the advance of humidity, whose effects draw unique silhouettes on all the walls, coverings interiors and exteriors that are slowly falling apart, marbles wounded by cracks, and cobwebs of cables hanging between semi-destroyed moldings, make up a gray picture…”

 

Between 1993 and 1994 the National Commission of Museums, Monuments and Historical Places, through the National Directorate of Architecture, had carried out the consolidation and waterproofing of the roofs and the dome, the cleaning of the front and the side facade with its corresponding conditioning. Carpentry work was also carried out on the tower at a cost of $188,655. 38

The temple was closed for repairs since the roof collapsed in 1999. 20

 

Demolition of the parish house  7 



Part of the facade of the parish house adjacent to the Church of San Miguel Arcángel.37

 

 

The parish house was built in 1860 by Nicolás and José Canale. It is not part of what has been declared a National Historical Monument. However, given its importance as an environment is the responsibility of the National Commission of Museums, Monuments and Historical Places.

In October 2002, with the presence of Joaquín Mariano Sucunza, Vicar General of the Archdiocese, a visit to the temple was scheduled by a work team and the Architect Norma Barbacci, Director of the Program World Monuments Fund of New York (USA). A pre-project was worked on to present the request for inclusion of the temple on the list of said entity.

In January 2003, the corresponding forms were completed and that same month a letter was sent requesting support to The Getty Grant Program. 30

At the beginning of 2003, the Vicar General Joaquín Mariano Sucunza received the notice to demolish the parish house from the National Relief Directorate of the Undersecretariat of Logistics and Emergencies of the Government of the City of Buenos Aires (Note No. 321 DGGA and E-2003 of February 21, 2003). 14

According to the aforementioned entity, the property adjacent to SanMiguel Arcángel was in a dilapidated state and at high risk of widespread collapse of the entire complex. It was also stated that it had been intervened on several occasions in the last 20 years. 14

 

Said demolition was not authorized by the National Commission of Museums, Monuments and Historic Places, the General Directorate of Interpretative Planning of the Government of the City of 

Buenos Aires, the Committee of Conservation of the Archdiocesan Commission for Culture, nor the Supervisory Commission for the 

Care and Maintenance of Artistic, Cultural and Cultural Property History of the Archdiocese. 30,31

 

The Urban Heritage Supervision of the General Planning Directorate gave the order to suspend the demolition. In any case, the ID arrived at the Vicariate on March 26, one day after pickaxes and motor graders.They reversed what was planned. 7

After the demolition, only the ground floor of the façade and the side that faces the atrium remained, with its openings walled up with bricks and already covered with sheet metal bases to put up propaganda posters. Inside a wasteland.

 

At the end of May of that year, upon learning of the demolition, the World Monuments Funds of New York rejected the request that had been made. There were no subsequent further contacts with The Getty Grant Program.38

 

Budget and scholarships for the restoration of historical monuments

 

It is important to keep in mind that the restoration of historic churches such as that of San Miguel Arcángel represents a double benefit because on the one hand it generates employment in public works and on the other hand it promotes the tourist circuit from the same.

Between 1996 and 1999, 85 monuments were added, 22 percent of all those declared in 61 years, and on the contrary, the resources allocated have been decreasing since 1997. 42

 

One of the possibilities proposed to address this problem was a global program with priorities managing a soft loan from an organization such as the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).

 

The World Monuments Fund of New York (USA) is a private non-profit entity that, precisely, is dedicated to the worldwide preservation of works of art and historic architecture through the work of field, promotions, granting of scholarships, education and training.

 

Since 1965, it has worked with communities and partners to prevent the irreplaceable loss of 430 sites across 83 countries including the Preah Khan temple at Angkor (present-day northwestern Kampuchea, Cambodia). 46

 

The Paul Getty Foundation of California (USA) also offers support in this regard by offering scholarships and advice for the development of preservation plans. 44

 

Conclusion

 

The Church of San Miguel Arcángel has been declared a National Historical Monument since August 21, 1983. As such, it is fully covered by the provisions of Article 4 of Law 12,665 of October 8, 1940, which establishes:

 

Art. 4. - The National Commission of Museums and Monuments and Historical Places will classify and formulate the list of historical monuments in the country, expanding it at appropriate opportunities with the approval of the Executive Branch. Historical properties may not be subjected to repairs or restorations, nor destroyed in whole or in part, transferred, encumbered or disposed of without approval or intervention of the national commission. In the event that the historic properties are owned by provinces, municipalities or public institutions, the national commission will cooperate in the expenses required for their conservation, repair or restoration.39

 

In the year 2000, through the Permanent Commission of the 
San  Miguel Parish,10,122 signatures were collected,
 resulting in 7,036,422 e-mails being sent from various parts of the world to the
 authorities requesting support for the preservation of the temple and 
the artistic works contained therein. 10

A very close and interesting example of sensitivity and intelligence

 in restoration is the Palacio San Miguel (Saint Michael´s Palace).

 

 On July 23, 1857, the first store was inaugurated on Victoria Street. 

It would later be called San Miguel due to its proximity to the church of San Miguel Arcángel.

This store was located on Piedad and Suipacha streets. Then it became essential to expand the store on Suipacha in 1880 and on Calle de la Piedad in 1890. Later, another house was acquired on the current one in Bartolomé Miter street. In 1899 a new extension was made.

 

In 1926, Elías Romero Marull entrusted him to the notable architect José Julián GarcíaNiñez, to whom some of the best Art Nouveau buildings in Spain are owed.

Buenos Aires, the remodeling of the building. San Miguel Palace has pilasters on the front with a black granite base, a shaft of pink marble from Skyros and carved bronze capitals. It is an original solution even today admired, the double access through the ochava, with its set of stained glass windows. The screens, shelves and display cases inside are made of Italian walnut. The magnificent stained glass windows also stand out, with the image of the archangel Saint Michael.

 

Like San Miguel Church, this beautiful building had lain dormant since its closure in 1976. Neglect and the threat of demolition destined it to ruin.

 

However, the firm Ianua SA decided to recover it for the city. A team of professionals from the aforementioned firm together with the Architect Luis Diego Pedreira took great care to introduce modifications but respecting the pre-existing structure and materials. The exterior was preserved and all precautions were taken regarding the interior. Let us hope that our beloved Church may have the same luck. Wasting time is a luxury that we cannot afford.

The Church accepts donations in the French Bank bank account No. 999-20-043804-6. 40

 

Acknowledgment 


Mrs Susana Ferrari

 

I would like to especially thank Mrs. Susana Ferrari, daughter of the famous Architect Augusto César Ferrari, and Mr. Marcelo Paletta Former President of the Restoration Commission of the temple of San Miguel Arcángel for the kindness they had in providing me with material for this work.

Glossary

 

Apse: Vaulted and generally semicircular part that protrudes from the rear façade of a temple, where the main altar and the presbytery are located. The apse may have a polygonal plan.

Benditera: Holy water font.

Round lump: It is applied in sculpture to figures executed in three dimensions and isolated in space so that they can be seen from any point of view.

Capital: Upper part of the column or pilaster, with different figures and ornaments according to the architectural style it corresponds to: Ionic capital.

Caryatid: Figure of a woman that serves to replace the column in Greek temples. If male is called Atlantean. Any human figure that in a architecturally body serves as a column or pilaster.

Countertop: adj. Placed on top of something: top sheet.

Cupulin: Upper body added to the dome.

Spire: 1. m. Top of the towers in a pyramidal shape, 2. Capital.

Eclectic: 1) Relating to eclecticism, 2) Referring to what is composed of elements, opinions, styles, etc., of a diverse nature: an eclectic artistic current.42

Encaustic: Pictorial technique, which had great development in Greece and Rome during antiquity, consists of painting with colors dissolved in beeswax and applying them hot. The wax is a stable base for the color: it does not yellow or oxidize, it does not shrink, it is not very sensitive to water and resistant to acids.

To apply the colors, in addition to the brush, cauteries (bronze sheets to spread the color) and spatulas are used. The wax is heated over braziers or stoves and applied mixed with the color in a fluid and hot state. This operation requires great skill in handling the material.

In addition to being applied to walls, this technique is used on objects and tables. This was observed in Egypt, where sarcophagi have been preserved decorated this way .

Entablature: Superstructure that rests horizontally on the columns in classic architecture. It is divided into three parts: the architrave (lower part of the entablature of a building, which rests directly on the capital of the columns); the frieze (decorative part); and the cornice (cantilevered element that finishes or crowns the top of a building). Each of the orders has its appropriate entablature, of which the general height and subdivisions are regulated by a scale of proportion derived from the diameter of the column.

Escarzano arch.- It is the one that is formed by a single arch smaller than the semicircle.

Perpiano arch or transverse arch: Arch that supports a vault, being perpendicular to the nave.

Frontis: Facade or frontispiece of a building or something else: the frontispiece is neoclassical in inspiration.

Gules: In heraldry: Very bright red color.

Horcón: amer. Vertical wood that, like a column, supports roof beams or eaves.

Lintel: Upper part of the doors and windows that carries over the jambs: during Christmas hang mistletoe on the lintel of the doors because they say it brings good luck.

Mitochondrial DNA: Mitochondrial DNA is used as a highly reliable marker in molecular anthropology for the study of human evolution, migratory flows, etc. Utility that extends to forensic science, due to its value as a marker in the identification of people or the clarification of kinship relationships.

Narthex: Porch that was built at the entrance to early Christian and Byzantine basilicas.

Neoclassicism: Literary and artistic current, dominant in Europe during the 19th century. XVIII, which aspired to restore the taste and norms of classicism. The neoclassical style would have been introduced in our country by the Spanish architect Tomás Toribio who settled in Montevideo starting in 1799. His first work in our city was the Coliseo Estable de Comedias theater.

Niche: Hole pierced in the mass of a wall, covered by a quarter-sized cap sphere, where a religious image or an object is generally placed decorative: the saint seems to smile in his niche

Oculus: Circular vain.

Pilaster: Architectural element attached to the wall, with a polygonal section, generally rectangular or square, usually with a support function: the ribs of the dome rest on the pilasters.43

Rickettsia prowazeki: The bacteria that causes epidemic typhus which causes death as a result of encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) or pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs). The vector that transmits this organism to humans is the louse Pediculus humanus. It was discovered during the First World War by the Brazilian scientist Enrique da Rocha Lima who worked at the Hamburg Institute of Tropical Medicine. He named it Rickettsia Prowazekii after his friend Stanislaus von Prowazek (Czech biologist)and American bacteriologist Howard Taylor Ricketts.

Roleo or tuqueo: Action of separating (cutting with a chainsaw) the stem into tucas (rolas) according to the industrial requirements and the limitations of the transport equipment

Tabardillo: 1. m.col. sunstroke 2. col. Crazy, restless and annoying person 3. Epidemic typhus. In Spanish lexicons, tabardillo is “severe, acute and continuous fever”

According to the distinguished Professor of Medicine, Dr. José Félix Merizalde, who died in 1868, the origin of the word tabardillo in Spanish, he was born from a wide and long so-called tabard, which they put on those they were taking to execution, and which enamelled with purple tips was used in some Provinces of Spain.

The Virgin of Guadalupe appeared 4 times to the unbelievable San Juan Diego, in Tepeyac, Mexico, in the year 1531, and once to her uncle Juan Bernardino, whom she healed from the deadly disease of tabardillo, and to whom she told her name, "The ever Virgin Saint Mary of Guadalupe."


Bibliography

 

1-Acuerdos del Cabildo de Buenos Aires, 19 de Julio de 1622-Archivo General de la Nación, Buenos Aires, V, 231

2-Acuerdos del Cabildo de Buenos Aires, 19 de Julio de 1622-Archivo General de la Nación, Buenos Aires, XXIII, 576

3-Alfonso Martínez-Conde Ph. D. y Pilar Mayor Ph. D.-El DNA mitocondrial humano y su expresión.

www.lab314.com/jauja314.htm

4-Arquidiócesis de Buenos Aires-Iglesia en la Argentina-Obispos  www.aica.org/aica/igl_arg/circuns_ecles/diocesis/buenos_aires.htm

5-Bonetto, Martín Cerrada hace cuatro años, Clarín 29 de abril de 2004

6-Bouillon, Willy G.-Corre peligro la Iglesia San Miguel-La Nación8 de Septiembre de 1999.

7-Camps, Sibila-Polémica por la demolición parcial de una vieja iglesia-Sociedad-Clarín, Martes 29 de Abril de 2003.

8-Carballeda, Alfredo Juan Manuel-Del desorden de los cuerpos al orden de la sociedad-Capítulo III-La intervención en lo Social como una de las vías de ingreso a la Modernidad en Buenos Aires.

www.margen.org/libro/cap2.html   44

9-Carta de Woodbine Parish a George Canning el 27 de Abril de 1825-Archivo General de la Nación-Sala 7,17-6-2.

10-Carta de la Comisión Permanente de la Parroquia San Miguel Arcángel a la Comisión Nacional de Museos y de Monumentos y Lugares Históricos en el Año del Jubileo-8 de Agosto del 2000.

11-Carta del Dr. Juan Carlos Cantero a la Presidenta de la Comisión Nacional de Museos y de Monumentos y Lugares Históricos Lic. Magdalena Matilde Faillace del 22 de Octubre de 1999.

12-Carta del Rvdo Padre Carlos Klees al Presidente de la Comisión Nacional de Museos y de Monumentos y Lugares Históricos del 12 de septiembre de 1983.

13-Carta del Vicepresidente de la Comisión Nacional de Museos y de Monumentos y Lugares Históricos Carlos María Gelly y Obes al Rvdo Padre Carlos Klees del 1º de Septiembre de 1983.

14-Dirección General Guardia de Auxilio, Subsecretaría de Logística y Emergencias-Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.

15-El abandono de edificios históricos, Clarín, 1º de marzo de 2003

16-Fajardo Ortiz, Guillermo-Algo sobre los Betlemitas y sus Hospitales en Hispanoamérica-Rev. Fac .Med. UNAM-Vol 45-Nº6-Nov.-Dec. ,2002

17-Federación de Asociaciones Católicas de Empleadas-Homenaje a S. E. Monseñor Dr. Miguel de Andrea al cumplir sus 80 años de edad. Editorial Guillermo Kraft, 1957

18-Fernández, Roxana-Analizarán los restos óseos que hallaron en la plaza Roberto Arlt-Clarín-Jueves 09 de Marzo de 2000.

19-Ferrari, León y Susana-Augusto C. Ferrari (1871-1970): Cuadros, panoramas, iglesias y fotografías-Ediciones Licopodio, Buenos Aires 2003-

20-Firpo, Hernán-Quejas por el cierre de una iglesia-Clarín-29 de Junio de 2000.

21-Fiscalización de Obras y Catastro del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires

22-Galindo, Adela Madre SCTJM-Siervas de los Corazones Traspasados de Jesús y María- www.corazones.org/santos/miguel_arcangel.htm

23-García Rozada, Norberto H El Centro y su soledad La Nación 20 de junio de 2000

24-Hardwick, Michael -José de Gálvez- hardwic2@cox.net .

25-Hornick, Richard B. Rickettsial Diseases-Cecil Textbook of Medicine Edited by James B.Wyngaarden-Volume 2-19th Ed.p 1783

26-Jasca, Adolfo-Padre e hijo, sacerdotes, consagraron toda una vida al crecimiento del Templo de San Miguel-Historia de las Iglesias de Buenos Aires.

27-Kessel, John H. Friars Soldiers and Reformers-University of Arizona Press, Tuscon, Arizona ( USA ) , 1976,p 13 (Photo José de Galvez).

28-La Razón 21 de agosto de 1918.

29-Long,Diego-Dan la última misa en una iglesia por su grave deterioro-La Razón, 12 de Junio de 2000.

30-Magadán, Marcelo-Cronología de San Miguel Arcángel (e-mail-28 de Mayo de 2004-(Comunicación personal de la Sra. Susana Ferrari)

31-Magadán, Marcelo- El Obispo demoledor- Página 12, 29 de marzo de 2003 45

32-Martínez-Conde, Alfonso y Mayor, Pilar-El DNA mitocondrial humano y su expresión-Universidad Complutense de Madrid

www.lab314.com/jauja314.htm

33-Mitre, Bartolomé-Obras Completas-Edición ordenada por el Honorable Congreso de la Nación Argentina-Capítulo V-La defensa 1806-1807, Volumen VI-1. Historia-Buenos Aires, 1940-p 178

34-Molinari, Ricardo Luis-Buenos Aires 4 siglos-Tipográfica Editora Argentina SA

35-Nijinsky, Romola-The last years of Nijinsky-Simon and Schuster, 1953

36-Nijinsky, Vaslav-The New Encyclopaedia Britannica-Volume 8-Micropadia, 15th Edition-p 708.

37-Patrimonio Artístico Nacional-Inventario de bienes muebles-Ciudad de Buenos Aires-I- Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes y Fondo Nacional de las Artes-Buenos Aires, 1998.

38-Peña, José María Arquitecto-Vocal de la Comisión Nacional de Museos y de Monumentos y Lugares Históricos a La Nación del 15 de Enero de 1997.

39-Plazas y calles de Buenos Aires-Significación Histórica de sus nombres-Municipalidad de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires-IV Centenario de su Fundación-Octubre 8 de 1936.

40-Raíces, Rodio-Juan Alonso González-El Iniviador-Salón de Notables del Hospital Rivadavia

www.geocities.com/rodioracides/JAGonzalez.html

41-Romero Carranza, Ambrosio-Itinerario de Monseñor de Andrea, 1957.

42-Rouillon, Jorge-Prevén restaurar iglesias históricas-La Nación-20 de junio de 2000.

43-Sierra, Vicente-Segundas Invasiones Inglesas-Historia de la Argentina 1800-1816-Unión de Editores Latinos.

44-The Paul Getty Grant-1200 Getty Center Drive, Los Angeles, CA. 90049-1679-USA

45-Tifus-Enciclopedia Médica-Medline Plus-Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de EE. UU. y los Institutos Nacionales de Salud.

www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/print/ency/article/001363.htm

46-World Monuments